3.2.4 Air traffic control clearances
3.2.4.1 Air traffic control clearances shall be based solely on the following requirements for providing air traffic control service:
- Clearances shall be issued solely for expediting and separating air traffic and be based on known traffic conditions which affect safety in aircraft operation. Such traffic conditions include not only aircraft in the air and on the manoeuvring area over which control is being exercised, but also any vehicular traffic or other obstructions not permanently installed on the manoeuvring area in use.
- ATC units shall issue such ATC clearances as necessary to prevent collisions and to expedite and maintain an orderly flow of air traffic.
- ATC clearances shall be issued early enough to ensure that they are transmitted to the aircraft in sufficient time for it to comply with them.
3.2.4.2 Operation subject to clearance
3.2.4.2.1 An air traffic control clearance shall be obtained prior to operating a controlled flight, or a portion of a flight as a controlled flight. Such clearance shall be requested through the submission of a flight plan to an air traffic control unit.
3.2.4.2.2 When a flight plan specifies that the initial portion of a flight will be uncontrolled, and that the subsequent portion of the flight will be subject to air traffic control service, the flight crew shall obtain the clearance from the appropriate air traffic control unit prior to entering the area where controlled flight will be commenced.
3.2.4.2.3 When a flight plan specifies that the initial portion of a flight will be subject to air traffic control service, and that the subsequent portion will be uncontrolled, the aircraft shall normally be cleared to the point at which the controlled flight terminates.
3.2.4.2.4 The pilot-in-command of an aircraft shall inform the air traffic control unit if an air traffic control clearance is not satisfactory. In such cases, the air traffic control unit will issue an amended clearance, if practicable.
3.2.4.2.5 Whenever an aircraft has requested a clearance involving priority, a report explaining the necessity for such priority shall be submitted, if requested by the appropriate air traffic control unit.
3.2.4.2.6 Potential reclearance in flight. If, prior to departure, it is anticipated that, depending on fuel/ energy endurance and subject to reclearance in flight, a decision may be taken to proceed to a revised destination aerodrome, the appropriate air traffic control units shall be so notified by the insertion in the flight plan of information concerning the revised route (where known) and the revised destination.
3.2.4.2.7 An aircraft operated on a controlled aerodrome shall not taxi on the manoeuvring area without clearance from the aerodrome control tower and shall comply with any instructions given by that unit.
3.2.4.2.8 When vectoring or assigning a direct routing not included in the flight plan, which takes an IFR flight off published ATS route or instrument procedure, an air traffic controller providing ATS surveillance service shall issue clearances such that the prescribed obstacle clearance exists at all times until the aircraft reaches the point where the pilot re-joins the flight plan route or joins a published ATS route or instrument procedure.
3.2.4.3 Clearances for transonic flight
3.2.4.3.1 The air traffic control clearance relating to the transonic acceleration phase of a supersonic flight shall extend at least to the end of that phase.
3.2.4.3.2 The air traffic control clearance relating to the deceleration and descent of an aircraft from supersonic cruise to subsonic flight shall seek to provide for uninterrupted descent at least during the transonic phase.
3.2.4.4 Contents of clearances
3.2.4.4.1 An air traffic control clearance shall indicate:
- aircraft identification as shown in the flight plan;
- clearance limit;
- route of flight, …
- the route of flight shall be detailed in each clearance when deemed necessary; and
- the phrase ‘cleared flight planned route’ shall not be used when granting a re-clearance;
- level or levels of flight for the entire route or part thereof and changes of levels if required;
- any necessary instructions or information on other matters such as ATFM departure slot if applicable, approach or departure manoeuvres, communications and the time of expiry of the clearance.
3.2.4.5 Read-back of clearances, instructions and safety-related information
3.2.4.5.1 The flight crew shall read back to the air traffic controller safety-related parts of ATC clearances and instructions which are transmitted by voice. The following items shall always be read back:
- ATC route clearances;
- clearances and instructions to enter, land on, take off from, hold short of, cross, taxi and backtrack on any runway; and
- runway-in-use, altimeter settings, SSR codes, newly assigned communication channels, level instructions, heading and speed instructions; and
- transition levels, whether issued by the controller or contained in ATIS broadcasts.
3.2.4.5.2 Other clearances or instructions, including conditional clearances and taxi instructions, shall be read back or acknowledged in a manner to clearly indicate that they have been understood and will be complied with.
3.2.4.5.3 The controller shall listen to the read-back to ascertain that the clearance or instruction has been correctly acknowledged by the flight crew and shall take immediate action to correct any discrepancies revealed by the read-back.
3.2.4.5.4 Vehicle drivers operating or intending to operate on the manoeuvring area shall read back to the air traffic controller safety related parts of instructions which are transmitted by voice, e.g. instructions to enter, hold short of, cross and operate on any operational runway or taxiway.
3.2.4.5.5 The controller shall listen to the read-back to ascertain that the instruction has been correctly acknowledged by the vehicle driver and shall take immediate action to correct any discrepancies revealed by the read-back.
3.2.4.6 Changes in clearance regarding route or level
3.2.4.6.1 When issuing a clearance covering a requested change in route or level, the exact nature of the change shall be included in the clearance.
3.2.4.6.2 When traffic conditions will not permit clearance of a requested change, the word ‘UNABLE’ shall be used. When warranted by circumstances, an alternative route or level shall be offered.
3.2.4.7 Clearance related to altimetry
3.2.4.7.1 The flight crew shall be provided with the transition level in due time prior to reaching it during descent.
3.2.4.7.2 Except when it is known that the aircraft has already received the information in a directed transmission, an QNH altimeter setting shall be included in:
- the descent clearance, when first cleared to an altitude below the transition level;
- the approach clearance or the clearance to enter the traffic circuit;
- the taxi clearance for departing aircraft.
3.2.4.8 Conditional clearances
3.2.4.8.1 Conditional phrases, such as ‘behind landing aircraft’ or ‘after departing aircraft’, shall not be used for movements affecting the active runway(s), except when the aircraft or vehicles concerned are seen by the appropriate controller and pilot. The aircraft or vehicle causing the condition in the clearance issued shall be the first aircraft/vehicle to pass in front of the other aircraft concerned. In all cases, a conditional clearance shall be given in the following order and consist of:
- the call sign;
- the condition;
- the clearance; and
- a brief reiteration of the condition.
3.2.4.9 Coordination of clearances
3.2.4.9.1 An air traffic control clearance shall be coordinated between air traffic control units to cover the entire route of an aircraft or a specified portion thereof as described in provisions 3.2.4.9.2 to 3.2.4.9.6.
3.2.4.9.2 An aircraft shall be cleared for the entire route to the aerodrome of first intended landing:
- when it has been possible, prior to departure, to coordinate the clearance between all the units under whose control the aircraft will come; or
- when there is reasonable assurance that prior coordination will be effected between those units under whose control the aircraft will subsequently come.
3.2.4.9.3 When coordination as in paragraph 3.2.4.9.2 has not been achieved or is not anticipated, the aircraft shall be cleared only to that point where coordination is reasonably assured; prior to reaching such point, or at such point, the aircraft shall receive further clearance, holding instructions being issued as appropriate.
3.2.4.9.4 When prescribed by the ATS unit, aircraft shall contact a downstream air traffic control unit, for the purpose of receiving a downstream clearance prior to the transfer of control point.
- Aircraft shall maintain the necessary two-way communication with the current air traffic control unit whilst obtaining a downstream clearance.
- A clearance issued as a downstream clearance shall be clearly identifiable as such to the pilot.
- Unless coordinated, downstream clearances shall not affect the aircraft’s original flight profile in any airspace, other than that of the air traffic control unit responsible for the delivery of the downstream clearance.
3.2.4.9.5 When an aircraft intends to depart from an aerodrome within a control area to enter another control area within a period of thirty minutes, or such other specific period of time as has been agreed between the area control centres concerned, coordination with the subsequent area control centre shall be effected prior to issuance of the departure clearance.
3.2.4.9.6 When an aircraft intends to leave a control area for flight outside controlled airspace, and will subsequently re-enter the same or another control area, a clearance from the point of departure to the aerodrome of first intended landing may be issued. Such clearance or revisions thereto shall apply only to those portions of the flight conducted within controlled airspace.
3.2.4.10 Horizontal speed control instructions
3.2.4.10.1 Speed control instructions should remain in effect unless explicitly cancelled or amended by the air traffic controller.
3.2.4.10.2 The flight crew should comply with published SID and STAR speed restrictions unless the restrictions are explicitly cancelled or amended by the air traffic controller.
3.2.5 Adherence to flight plan
3.2.5.1 Except as provided for in paragraphs 3.2.5.2 and 3.2.5.4 an aircraft shall adhere to the current flight plan or the applicable portion of a current flight plan submitted for a controlled flight unless a request for a change has been made and clearance obtained from the appropriate air traffic control unit, or unless an emergency situation arises which necessitates immediate action by the aircraft, in which event as soon as circumstances permit, after such emergency authority is exercised, the appropriate air traffic services unit shall be notified of the action taken and that this action has been taken under emergency authority.
3.2.5.1.1 Unless otherwise authorised by the competent authority, or directed by the appropriate air traffic control unit, controlled flights shall, in so far as practicable:
- when on an established ATS route, operate along the defined centre line of that route; or
- when on any other route, operate directly between the navigation facilities and/or points defining that route;
- when in FRALB airspace, operate directly between the FRA entry point via the intermediate points to the FRA exit point.
3.2.5.1.2 Unless otherwise authorised by the competent authority, or directed by the appropriate air traffic control unit, an aircraft operating along an ATS route segment defined by reference to very high frequency omnidirectional radio ranges shall change over for its primary navigation guidance from the facility behind the aircraft to that ahead of it at, or as close as operationally feasible to, the changeover point, where established.
3.2.5.1.3 Deviation from the requirements in paragraph 3.2.5.1.1 shall be notified to the appropriate ATS unit.
3.2.5.2 Deviations from the current flight plan. In the event that a controlled flight inadvertently deviates from its current flight plan, the following action shall be taken:
- Deviation from track: if the aircraft is off track, action shall be taken forthwith to adjust the heading of the aircraft to regain track as soon as practicable.
- Deviation from the air traffic control assigned Mach number/indicated airspeed: the appropriate air traffic services unit shall be informed immediately.
- Deviation from Mach number/true airspeed: if the sustained Mach number/true airspeed at cruising level varies by plus or minus Mach 0.02 or more, or plus or minus 19km/h (10kt) true airspeed or more from the current flight plan, the appropriate air traffic services unit shall be so informed.
3.2.5.2.1 Adherence to the true Mach number
- Aircraft subject to the Mach number technique should adhere to the true Mach number approved by ATC and should request ATC approval before making any changes thereto. If it is essential to make an immediate temporary change in the Mach number (e.g. due to turbulence), ATC should be notified as soon as possible that such a change has been made.
- If it is not feasible, due to aircraft performance, to maintain the last assigned Mach number during en-route climbs and descents, pilots of the aircraft concerned should advise ATC at the time of the climb/descent request.
3.2.5.3 Intended changes. Requests for flight plan changes shall include information as indicated hereunder:
3.2.5.3.1 Change of cruising level: aircraft identification; requested new cruising level and cruising speed at this level, revised time estimates (when applicable) at subsequent flight information region boundaries.
3.2.5.3.2 Change of route:
- Destination unchanged: aircraft identification; flight rules; description of new route of flight including related flight plan data beginning with the position from which requested change of route is to commence; revised time estimates; any other pertinent information.
- Destination changed: aircraft identification; flight rules; description of revised route of flight to revised destination aerodrome including related flight plan data, beginning with the position from which requested change of route is to commence; revised time estimates; alternate aerodrome(s); any other pertinent information.
- Change of Mach number/true airspeed: aircraft identification; requested Mach number/true airspeed.
3.2.5.4 Weather deterioration below the VMC. When it becomes evident that flight in VMC in accordance with its current flight plan will not be practicable, a VFR flight operated as a controlled flight shall:
- request an amended clearance enabling the aircraft to continue in VMC to destination or to an alternative aerodrome or operating site, or to leave the airspace within which an ATC clearance is required; or
- if no clearance in accordance with a) can be obtained, continue to operate in VMC and notify the appropriate ATC unit of the action being taken either to leave the airspace concerned or to land at the nearest suitable aerodrome or operating site; or
- if operated within a control zone, request authorisation to operate as a special VFR flight; or
- request clearance to operate in accordance with the instrument flight rules.
3.2.6 Position reports
3.2.6.1 Unless exempted by the competent authority or by the appropriate air traffic services unit under conditions specified by that authority, a controlled flight shall report to the appropriate air traffic services unit, as soon as possible, the time and level of passing each designated compulsory reporting point, together with any other required information. Position reports shall similarly be made in relation to additional points when requested by the appropriate air traffic services unit. In the absence of designated reporting points, position reports shall be made at intervals prescribed by the competent authority or specified by the appropriate air traffic services unit.
3.2.6.1.1 When a controlled flight has been exempted from the requirement to report at compulsory reporting points, pilots shall, unless automated position reporting is in effect, resume voice position reporting:
- when so instructed;
- when advised that the ATS surveillance service has been terminated; or
- when advised that the ATS surveillance identification is lost.
3.2.6.1.2 With due regard to requirements in SERA.14065 for communications change over, the position report shall contain the following elements:
- aircraft identification;
- position;
- time;
- speed, if assigned by ATC; and
- other elements as instructed by ATC.
3.2.6.1.3 The elements described in paragraph 3.2.6.1.2 shall be reported as described in point 2 of Point A of Appendix 5 of SERA.
3.2.7 Termination of control
3.2.7.1 A controlled flight shall, except when landing at a controlled aerodrome, advise the appropriate ATC unit as soon as it ceases to be subject to air traffic control service.
3.2.8 Communications
3.2.8.1 An aircraft operated as a controlled flight shall maintain continuous air-ground voice communication watch on the appropriate communication channel of, and establish two-way communication as necessary with, the appropriate air traffic control unit, except as may be prescribed by the ATS Authority in respect of aircraft forming part of aerodrome traffic at a controlled aerodrome.
Note: Direct controller-pilot communications should be established prior to the provision of ATS surveillance services, unless special circumstances, such as emergencies, dictate otherwise.
3.2.8.2 Radio communication failure procedures. When an aircraft is unable to comply with paragraph 3.2.8.1, the flight crew shall attempt to establish contact on the previous channel used and, if not successful, on another channel appropriate to the route. If these attempts fail, the flight crew shall attempt to establish communication with:
- the appropriate air traffic services unit;
- other air traffic services units; or
- other aircraft,
using all available means. In addition, the aircraft, when forming part of the aerodrome traffic at a controlled aerodrome, shall keep a watch for such instructions as may be issued by visual signals.
3.2.8.2.1 When an expected communication from an aircraft has not been received within a time period such that the occurrence of a communication failure is suspected, or when requested by other air traffic services units, the air traffic controller shall call the aircraft on the frequencies on which the aircraft is believed to be listening, and:
- when providing surveillance service, the air traffic controller shall normally determine whether or not the aircraft’s receiver is functioning, and if successful, continue providing air traffic control service using SSR code/ ADS-B transmission changes or IDENT transmissions to obtain acknowledgement of clearances issued to the aircraft;
- if not successful, the air traffic control unit shall:
- request other air traffic services units to render assistance by calling the aircraft and relaying messages, if necessary;
- request aircraft on the route to attempt to establish communication with the aircraft and relay messages, if necessary;
- initiate the notification to the aircraft operator, as soon as possible, of any failure in air-ground communication.
- if the attempts described in points b. (i) and b. (ii) fail, blind transmission of air traffic control clearances shall not be made to aircraft, except at the specific request of the originator. Other messages should be transmitted by blind transmission on the frequencies on which the aircraft is believed to be listening.
3.2.8.2.2 When an aircraft is unable to comply with paragraph 3.2.8.1 and the attempts described in paragraph 3.2.8.2 to establish communications are not successful, the radio communication failure procedures described below shall be applied:
- The aircraft, when forming part of the aerodrome traffic at a controlled aerodrome, shall keep a watch for instructions as may be issued by visual signals.
- The aircraft shall set the transponder on Mode A Code 7600 and/or set the ADS-B transmitter to indicate the loss of air-ground communications and comply with the procedures described in points c), d), e) and f), as appropriate.
- A VFR flight shall continue to fly in visual meteorological conditions, land at the nearest suitable aerodrome, and report its arrival by the most expeditious means to the #appropriate air traffic services unit.
- Except as provided for in point e), an IFR flight shall:
- maintain the last assigned speed and level, or minimum flight altitude if higher, for a period of 20 minutes following:
- the aircraft’s failure to make a required report; or
- the time the transponder is set to 7600 and/or the appropriate ADS-B emergency and/or urgency mode is transmitted if surveillance service is provided, and thereafter adjust level and speed in accordance with the filed flight plan as amended by delay and modification messages to the filed flight plan.
- when being vectored or having been directed by ATC to proceed offset using area navigation (RNAV):
- with a specified limit, continue to that limit, then rejoin the last received and acknowledged route, taking into consideration the applicable minimum flight altitude; or
- without a specified limit, rejoin the last received and acknowledged route no later than the next significant point, taking into consideration the applicable minimum flight altitude.
- proceed according to the last received and acknowledged route clearance to the appropriate designated navigation aid or fix serving the destination aerodrome and, when required to ensure compliance with point (iv) below, hold over this aid or fix until commencement of descent;
- commence descent from the navigation aid or fix specified in point (iii) at, or as close as possible to, the expected approach time last received and acknowledged; or, if no expected approach time has been received and acknowledged, at, or as close as possible to, the estimated time of arrival;
- complete an instrument approach procedure as specified for the designated navigation aid or fix; and
- land, if possible, within 30 minutes after the estimated time of arrival specified in point (iv) or the last acknowledged expected approach time, whichever is later.
- An IFR flight following a standard instrument departure route or a standard instrument arrival route shall comply with the procedures for radio communication failure specified on the Standard Departure Chart - Instrument (SID) or Standard Arrival Chart - Instrument (STAR), when provided.
- If an IFR flight encounters visual meteorological conditions and the pilot-in-command decides to continue to fly in visual meteorological conditions, the pilot shall set Mode A Code 7601, land at the nearest suitable aerodrome, and report arrival by the most expeditious means to the appropriate air traffic services unit.
3.2.8.2.3 The provision of air traffic control service to flights operating in the airspace concerned shall be based on the premise that an aircraft experiencing communication failure complies with paragraph 3.2.8.2.2.
3.2.8.2.4 As soon as it is known that an aircraft operating in its area of responsibility is experiencing an apparent radio communication failure, an air traffic control unit shall forward information concerning the radio communication failure to all air traffic services units concerned along the route of flight. The area control centre in whose area the destination aerodrome is located shall take steps to obtain information on the alternate aerodrome(s) and other relevant information specified in the filed flight plan, if such information is not available.
3.2.8.2.5 When an air traffic control unit receives information that an aircraft, after experiencing a communication failure, has re-established communication or has landed, that unit shall inform the air traffic control unit in whose area the aircraft was operating at the time the failure occurred, and other air traffic services units concerned along the route of flight, giving necessary information for the continuation of control if the aircraft continues its flight.
3.2.8.2.6 The signals used in case of communication failure shall be in accordance with SERA Appendix 1 ‘Signals’.